The pink bollworm, pectinophora gossypiella saunders, was described by w. At present, the pink bollworm has been recorded in nearly all cottongrowing countries of the. Spotted bollworm in cotton present in many old world cotton growing areas. Enters into a summer diapause when irrigated crops are not present and the soil and air temperatures are high. United states agriculture agricultural bt cotton january 2001. Traditionally this has been controlled by ddt applied at 1 kgha, and efficiency of application determined by the recovery and distribution of ddt on horizontal surfaces, which are supposed to simulate leaves on which heliothis larvae crawl, and. C353, g 17, g 33, ac3545, ld 491, ld 575, b 11 a, sagbly red, sargosi and ld 694, were screened under epiphytotic conditions against spotted bollworm, earias vittella, at the cotton farm of the department of plant breeding and genetics, punjab agricultural university, ludhiana, india, and their morphological basis of resistance to. Stewart, associate professor entomology and plant pathology classi. High chemical control costs, excessive economic losses, secondary pest problems, and environmental and social considerations have suggested the need. Bollworm larva feeding in boll cides vary across the cotton belt, both between and within the states. The numbers shown above the bars are pvalues from a ttest for mean value differences between bt and nonbt plots.
While these larvae are mostly known for the damage they inflict on cotton bolls, a variety of plants are attacked by bollworms. Life table studies on the spotted bollworm earias vittella fabricius lepidoptera. Noctuidae lepidoptera borer technology mission on cotton mini mission i 3. Ten genotypes of asiatic cotton, gossypium arboreum, viz. Integrated systems for control of the pink bollworm.
While these larvae are mostly known for the damage they inflict on cotton bolls, a variety of plants are attacked by bollworms, including peas, alfalfa, beans, soybeans, flax, peanuts, and other commercial crops. Among the three, the spotted bollworms occurs early, when the plant is 1520 cm height and continues to feed on shoot. American cotton bollworm helicoverpa armigera cotton bollworm helicoverpa gelotopoeon, helicoverpa punctigera pink bollworm pectinophora gossypiella pinkspotted bollworm pectinophora scutigera red bollworm diparopsis castanea. Mar 11, 2012 spotted bollworms are major pests of cotton in india and ae found wherever cotton is grown. Drying and drooping of terminal shoots during preflowering stage. Nov 21, 2019 damage due to the spotted bollworm earias vittella fabr. Hamed and nadeem, 2010, because of damage to flowers, squares and bolls gore et al. Disect 100 ec insecticidemiticide label and leaflet page 6 of 12 5668451631 1 l, 5 l, 20 l not final rlp version 19112010 cotton native budworm helicoverpa punctigera cotton bollworm helicoverpa armigera twospotted mite for tetranychus urticae stock green mirid feed. Insects which produce honey, wax, lac, dyes and silk are commercially beneficial. A window of opportunity the pink bollworm is a very destructive cotton insect pest.
Spotted bollworm more than 1o % of attacked fruiting bodies american bollworm 10 % infested fruiting bodies or one egg or larva per plant pink bollworm more than 10 % attacked bolls or flowers 12. Some insects are very helpful in destroying injurious insects. Dec 28, 2012 ten genotypes of asiatic cotton, gossypium arboreum, viz. Bollworm cotton crop pests department of entomology. Egg female pink bollworm moths lay eggs singly or, more commonly, in small groups. This insect has complete metamorphosis, but only the larval caterpillar stage feeds on cotton plants.
Morphological basis of resistance to spotted bollworm. Survival and development of spotted bollworm, earias vittella. Four bt cotton hybrids, each with one of four different events, viz. Biological control of spiny bollworms spotted bollworm, earias fabia lepidoptera. Forewing bright applegreen with paler longitudinal streaks, the anterior third of the wing pale applegreen often tinged with pink. Pdf population dynamics of spotted bollworms and their.
The time required from egg to egg varies because of temperature and other conditions but generally is about one month during the summer months. Pink bollworm control act new mexico department of. Journal of research, punjab agricultural university, 142. When the end of the dry season comes, the rain cools the soil and pupae come out of diapause. Infestations in the united states first occurred in texas cotton in 1917. Bollworm cotton crop pests kstate department of entomology. This act may be cited at the pink bollworm control act. Because the bollworm has a habit of entering the fruit, boll or pod, the plant affords it a good deal of protection against chemical sprays, making control almost impossible. Noctuidae in relation to consumption, nutritive value and utilization of food from various plants. Download acrobat pdf file 346kb supplementary data 1. Flaring up of bracts during square and young boll formation stage. Spotted and spiny bollworms thipkyachi, kateri bond ali earias vittella fab.
Damage due to the spotted bollworm earias vittella fabr. In tamil nadu, a kruskalwallis rank test was employed in 20062008, due to the low number of observations. Seasonal pattern of infestation by spotted bollworm, earias. The pink bollworm pectinophora gossypiella saunders is a major pest of cotton gossypium spp. Traditionally this has been controlled by ddt applied at 1 kgha, and efficiency of application determined by the recovery and distribution of ddt on horizontal surfaces, which are supposed to simulate leaves on which heliothis larvae crawl, and sometimes eat, in their. Notes on taxonomy and nomenclature top of page the taxonomic situation is complicated and presents several problems. Hindwings palestraw colour with a broad darkbrown border containing a paler patch, with yellowish margins. Pests not known to occur in the united states or of limited distribution. Both wings are whitish in colour, green coloured band present at each f. Apis, the honeybees produce millions of tons of honey every year, it also gives bees. Bt cotton and sustainability of pesticide reductions in india.
Pests not known to occur in the united states or of limited. Seasonal pattern of infestation by spotted bollworm. The bollworm can be controlled by a variety of chemicals, depending on the crop infested, but many of these present complications. Bollworm is the common term for a moth larva that attacks the fruiting bodies of certain crops, especially cotton. Cotton bollworm pest complex alone is attacked by more than. Because of this variation and the price of the technology, not all areas of the cotton belt are able to economically justify the use of bt cotton. Spotted bollworm population were found significantly negative correlation with temperature, relative humidity and rainfall while positive correlation with sunshine hours. Spotted bollworms are major pests of cotton in india and ae found wherever cotton is grown. Saunders in 1843 as depressaria gossypiella from specimens found to be damaging cotton in india. Spotted bollworm population were found significantly negative correlation with temperature, relative humidity and rainfall. Helicoverpa armigera and to a lesser extent, spotted bollworm earias vittella, pink bollworm pectinophora gossypiella, and related species.
The cotton ecosystem is endowed with rich fauna of natural enemies. In this article we will discuss about the economic importance of insects. However, where insect infestations are severe, bt cotton offers a new management tool for. It is a chewing insect pest of cotton that causes great economic loss to cotton crops. Red or sudan bollworm, diparopsis castanea rough bollworm, earias perhuegeli spotted bollworm, earias fabia spotted bollworm, earias vittella american cotton bollworm or tomato grub, helicoverpa armigera.
Know your cotton insect pest spotted and spiny bollworms. Bt cotton and sustainability of pesticide reductions in. Chemical control of spotted bollworm in cotton agropedia. Pests not known to occur in the united states or of. C353, g 17, g 33, ac3545, ld 491, ld 575, b 11 a, sagbly red, sargosi and ld 694, were screened under epiphytotic conditions against spotted bollworm, earias vittella, at the cotton farm of the department of plant breeding and genetics, punjab agricultural university, ludhiana, india, and. Any of several moth caterpillars that feed on cotton bolls, especially the pink bollworm and the corn earworm. Among the bollworm complex, the pink bollworm pectinophora gossypiella saund. Bollworm, any larvae of various moths order lepidoptera, including the pink bollworm pectinophora gossypiella, family gelechiidae and some helicoverpa species. Pesticide use by sample farmers disaggregated by state. None of the neonates were able to complete the larval. Bollworm definition of bollworm by the free dictionary. Probably of native american origin, it is a serious pest of cotton in the s united states, chiefly along the mexican border. The pest feeds on alternative host plants like hibiscus, holyhock, sunhemp, china rose, bhendi, pundi, abutilon indicum etc.
Morphological basis of resistance to spotted bollworm, earias. In india earias insulana is noticed in northern part of the country whereas e. United states agriculture agricultural bt cotton january. Head, thorax and legs pale applegreen, whitish beneath. The other two occur from square formation stage, and pink bollworm continues till picking of kapas and goes even to ginning mills. Bollworm article about bollworm by the free dictionary. High chemical control costs, excessive economic losses, secondary pest problems, and environmental and social considerations have suggested the need for ecologically oriented. In kansas cotton, infestations are sometimes observed, although damage has been limited even when high infestations have developed in corn and grain sorghum. Sep 26, 2016 there are three kinds of bollworms, viz. The pink bollworm pink bollworm, destructive larva of a moth, pectinophora gossypiella. Egg adult larva pupae egg hatches in one week grows in 1214 days 1821 days pupal period lays 200400 eggs on leaves in winter, the life cycle is greatly prolonged 7. United states a bibliography of the agriculture pink. Since both life cycles are relatively similar, details on both.
The pink bollworm control act provides for the establishment of pink bollworm control districts and committees, organic cotton regulations, collection of assessments and abolishment of control districts. United states a bibliography of the agriculture pink bollworm. The longest life cycle 49 days occurred during january, while the shortest 29 days occurred during july. The biology of earias vittella on okra was studied in the laboratory using individuals collected in the field in bihar, india.
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